Slide 1 Welcome to the ADA Legal Webinar Series
A collaborative program between the Southwest ADA Center and Great Lakes ADA Center, members of the ADA National Network
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Slide 2 Listening to the Webinar
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Slide 3 Listening to the Webinar, continued
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Slide 4 Listening to the Webinar, continued
MOBILE Users (iPhone, iPad, or Android device (including Kindle Fire HD)) 
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Slide 5 Captioning
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•	If you are connected via a mobile device you  may submit                                                                                                        questions in the chat area within  the App                                                                                                       
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Slide 8 Customize Your View continued
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Slide 9 Technical Assistance
•	If you experience any technical difficulties during the webinar:
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Slide 10 Websites and the ADA: Accessibility in the Digital Age
Presented by:
Barry Taylor, VP for Civil Rights and Systemic Litigation, Equip for Equality
Rachel Weisberg, Staff Attorney, Equip for Equality

Valuable assistance provided by: Kathleen Kinsella, Legal Intern, Equip for Equality
September 22, 2014

Slide 11 Continuing Legal Education Credit for Illinois Attorneys
•	This session is eligible for 1.5 hours of continuing legal education credit for Illinois attorneys.
•	Illinois attorneys interested in obtaining continuing legal education credit should contact Barry Taylor at: barryt@equipforequality.org
•	Participants (non-attorneys) looking for continuing education credit should contact the Great Lakes ADA Center at: 312-413-1407 or www.adagreatlakes.com 
•	This slide will be repeated at the end.

Slide 12 Outline of Today’s Webinar
•	Background/Introduction to Issue of Website Accessibility
•	ADA: Title III
•	Definition of Place of Public Accommodation
•	Precedents Establishing Framework for Website Access Cases
•	Websites as Places of Public Accommodation
•	Settlement Agreements
•	ADA: Title II
•	Case law and Settlement Agreements
•	Industry-Specific Settlement Agreements Under Titles II/III
•	ADA: Title I
•	Other Laws, including Rehab Act
•	Technical Standards and Resources

Slide 13 Broad Language in ADA
No Reference to the Internet or Websites
•	Goals of the ADA:  “provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities.” 
•	42 U.S.C. § 12101(b)(1) (2014)
•	Broad anti-discrimination requirements: Prohibits discrimination in employment, state and local governments, places of public accommodation, and telecommunications
•	ADA/regulations: No reference to the Internet, or to websites
•	Surprising?

Slide 14 Why Internet Accessibility Matters to People with Disabilities
•	The Internet has completely altered the way most people live their lives.  Some examples: 
•	Businesses – Comparing prices and ordering goods online 
•	Government – Applying for government benefits, renewing identification, filing taxes 
•	Colleges and universities – Registering for classes
•	Health care – Sharing medical information and test results 
•	Educating yourself – Participating in this Webinar! 
   
•	DOJ has called the Internet “the ubiquitous infrastructure for information and commerce.” http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-07-26/pdf/2010-18334.pdf  (Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Slide 15 A Primer on Website Accessibility 
•	Disclaimer: This Legal Brief does not provide technical guidance on how to make an accessible website
•	Info about technical standards, and technical assistance can be found at the end of this presentation
•	Still – here are some examples of virtual barriers:
•	Conveying content visually through a graphic, image or chart without labeling with “alternative text”
•	Color coding content
•	Content that cannot be adjusted by font, size, or color contrast
•	Audio information without captioning
•	Requiring use of a mouse without keyboard alternatives 
•	Flashing visual content that can trigger seizures
Slide 16 Legal Issue: Must Websites Be Accessible?
•	Statute: No mention of websites/Internet
•	Courts: Differing opinions over the past 20 years
•	DOJ non-regulatory guidance (amicus briefs, statements of interest, settlement agreements):  ADA requires web entities to be accessible
•	DOJ regulations:
•	2010: Published Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
•	2014/2015: Plans to publish Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
•	http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=201404&RIN=1190-AA65 (Title II-August 2014)
•	http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=201404&RIN=1190-AA61 (Title III-March 2015)

Slide 17 Title III: Places of Public Accommodation
•	Most cases about the ADA/websites arise under Title III
•	Most Title III/website cases turn on whether the website is a place of public accommodation
•	“No individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a)
•	Question = What is a place of public accommodation?

Slide 18 Definition of “Public Accommodation”
•	ADA/Regulations define “public accommodation” by providing twelve categories of entities that are “considered public accommodations,” so long as they “affect commerce.” 
•	Examples (4 of 12 categories) - 42 U.S.C. § 12181(7); 28 C.F.R. § 36.104
•	a restaurant, bar, or other establishment serving food or drink
•	a motion picture house, theater, concert hall, stadium, or other place of exhibition or entertainment
•	a bakery, grocery store, clothing store, hardware store, shopping center, or other sales or rental establishment
•	a laundromat, dry-cleaner, bank, barber shop, beauty shop, travel service, shoe repair service, funeral parlor, gas station, office of an accountant or lawyer, pharmacy, insurance office, professional office of a health care provider, hospital, or other service establishment;

Slide 19 Precedents That Shaped The Law on Website Access 
•	Insurance cases: Litigants sued insurance companies, alleging that the companies’ policies violate the ADA
•	Courts asked: Are insurance policies places of public accommodation? If not, are they covered by Title III? 
•	Some courts held that Title III applied to conduct that occurred outside of a place of public accommodation 
•	Other courts held that Title III applied only to physical places of public accommodation and did not regulate conduct that occurred outside of the physical structure, unless there was a nexus to a place of public accommodation
•	Cases establish legal framework for ADA website accessibility cases

Slide 20 Cases: Title III Applies to Conduct Outside of Physical Place of Public Accommodation
Carparts Distribution Ctr., Inc. v. Automotive Wholesaler’s Association of New England, Inc. 
37 F.3d 12 (1st Cir. 1994)
•	1st Cir: Title III applied to an insurance policy
•	Examples listed in twelve categories are “illustrative”
•	No express requirement for a physical structure
•	By including “travel service” as an example, Congress intended Title III to include entities that do not require a person to physically enter “an actual physical structure”
•	“It would be irrational to conclude that persons who enter an office to purchase services are protected by the ADA, but persons who purchase the same services over the telephone or by mail are not. Congress could not have intended such an absurd result.”

Slide 21 Cases: Title III Applies to Conduct Outside of Physical Place of Public Accommodation
Carparts continued… 
•	Excluding broad class of businesses would “run afoul” of the ADA
•	Note: Insurance company had a brick-and-mortar establishment but did not state expressly that a service offered off-site required a nexus to such establishment 
Doe v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co. 
179 F.3d 557 (7th Cir. 1999)
•	7th Cir: The “core meaning” of Title III is that the owner or operator of a “store, hotel, restaurant, Web site, or other facility (whether in physical space or in electronic space) . . .  that is open to the public cannot exclude disabled persons from entering the facility and, once in, from using the facility in the same way that the nondisabled do.”

Slide 22 Cases: Title III Requires a Nexus Between Discrimination and Physical Structure
Weyer v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp
198 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 2000)
•	9th Cir: Places of public accommodation are “actual, physical places where goods or services are open to the public, and places where the public gets those goods and services.”
•	Each example is a physical place
•	Must have connection between discrimination and actual, physical place
  
Similar holdings: 
•	Parker v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 121 F.3d 1006 (6th Cir. 1997)
•	Ford v. Schering-Plough Corp., 145 F.3d 601 (3d Cir. 1998)
 
Courts found no nexus between policies and physical place

Slide 23 Case: Goods/Services OF a Place of Public Accommodation
Pallozzi v. Allstate Life Ins. Co. 
198 F.3d 28 (2d Cir. 1999)
•	2nd Cir: Title III requires the “full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation.” 
•	The word of is distinct from the word in 
•	Title III could apply to the sale of insurance policies, even if such policies were sold outside of the insurance office. 

Slide 24 Case: Nexus is Required
Non-insurance precedent
Rendon v. Valleycrest Productions, Ltd 
294 F.3d 1279 (11th Cir. 2002)
•	Facts: Individuals with hearing and mobility disabilities sued TV show “Who Wants to be a Millionaire” because contestant hotline “fast finger” game screened out people with disabilities 
•	Issue: Is contestant hotline a place of public accommodation? 
•	11th Cir: Quiz show itself = Place of public accommodation 
•	Falls within “theaters and other  places of entertainment”
•	Title III does not require discrimination to occur on site 
•	“[T]he fact that the plaintiffs in this suit were screened out by an automated telephone system, rather than by admission policy administered at the studio door, is of no consequence under the statute.” 

Slide 25 Cases/DOJ: Are Websites Places of Public Accommodation?
•	Two types of website cases
•	Websites used by traditional brick-and-mortar establishments
•	Websites of businesses housed exclusively online 
•	DOJ guidance (Issued before any court case)
•	1996: Letter from Ass’t Atty. Gen. Deval L. Patrick
•	“Covered entities under the ADA are required to provide effective communication, regardless of whether they generally communicate through print media, audio media, or computerized media such as the Internet. Covered entities that use the Internet for communications regarding their programs, goods, or services must be prepared to offer those communications through accessible means as well.”
http://www.justice.gov/crt/foia/readingroom/frequent_requests/ada_tal/tal712.txt

Slide 26 Early Years of ADA & Website Accessibility
Access Now, Inc., v. Southwest Airlines, Co. 
227 F. Supp.2d 1312 (S.D. Fla. 2002)
•	Note: Florida is in the 11th Circuit, where Rendon was decided 
•	Facts: Website provided way to check airline fares, schedules, book airline reservations, and stay informed of promotions
•	Lawsuit: Website was inaccessible in violation of the ADA
•	No “alternative text” to communicate content displayed visually on the website
•	Online forms could not be completed with a screen-reader
•	No “skip navigation link,” permitting consumers to bypass the navigation bar on a website and proceed to the main content
Slide 27 Southwest Airlines
Court
•	Website itself if not a place of public accommodation
•	Used Rendon analysis and considered whether there was a “nexus” between southwest.com and a “physical, concrete place of public accommodation”
•	Found that there was no indication that the website’s barriers “impede[] . . . access to a specific physical, concrete space such as a particular airline ticket counter or travel agency.” 
•	Query: Aircrafts are exempt from Title III of the ADA. Would the court’s decision be different if it could have established a nexus between a place of public accommodation, listed in Title III, and the website?

Slide 28 Services OF v Services IN
Nat’l Fed’n of the Blind v. Target Corp. 
452 F.Supp.2d 946 (N.D. Cal. 2006)
•	Lawsuit: Accessibility problems re Target’s website (specifically discusses alt text, navigating without a mouse, clear navigation links)
•	California is in the 9th Circuit, bound by Weyer  (“physical place”) 
•	Court: Title III applies to the “services of a place of public accommodation, not services in a place of public accommodation” 
•	MTD denied re: issues that impede “full and equal enjoyment of goods and services offered in Target stores”
•	MTD granting re: issues “unconnected to Target stores.”
•	“To limit the ADA to discrimination in the provision of services occurring on the premises of a public accommodation would contradict the plain language of the statute.” 

Slide 29 Target Settlement Agreement
If there is a “Nexus” – Website is Likely Covered
•	Parties settled shortly after the court’s ruling
•	Terms of agreement: 
•	Target to modify its website to ensure “that blind guests using screen-reader software may acquire the same information and engage in the same transactions as are available to sighted guests with substantially equivalent ease of use.” 
•	Pay over $6 million to the class 
•	Pay $20,000 to the California Center for the Blind, a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping individuals who are blind
    
Press Release: www.dralegal.org/pressroom/press-releases/national-federation-of-the-blind-and-target-agree-to-class-action
Settlement Agreement: www.dralegal.org/sites/dralegal.org/files/casefiles/settlementagreement_2.pdf 

Slide 30 What About Internet-only Businesses?
Nat’l Fed’n of the Blind v. AOL Time Warner, Inc.
No. 99-cv-12303 (D. Mass. Compl. filed Nov. 16, 1999)
•	Believed to be the first case against an Internet-only business
•	NFB asserted that AOL’s browser interfered with the ability of individuals who are blind from using screen-reader software to access AOL
•	Before court decided the case, the parties settled
•	Settlement agreement: AOL agreed to establish an accessibility policy, and consult on accessibility with the disability community http://www.nfbcal.org/nfb-rd/1633.html

Slide 31 DOJ Amicus Brief: Hooks v. OKBridge
Hooks v. OKBridge, Inc.
232 F.3d 208 (5th Cir. 2000)
•	Facts: Individual with bipolar disorder sued Internet-only business
•	Claimed that site barred him from an online bridge tournament and associated bulletin board due to disability
•	District court: Granted business’s motion for summary judgment
•	Website was not a place of public accommodation-provided services over the Internet rather than at a physical place
•	Website was a private membership club exempt from ADA
•	5th Cir: Affirmed the lower court’s decision-different reasoning
•	Defendant was unaware of the plaintiff’s disability and thus, could not have discriminated against him
Slide 32 Important Case Because it Provided Forum for DOJ to Issue Interpretation
DOJ amicus brief in Hooks v. OKBridge (filed in 2000)
•	Limiting Title III to entities that provide services on-site would be an “arbitrary and irrational limitation on coverage that conflicts with the clear and important purposes of the Act” 
•	By including “catchall phrases” in its definition of public accommodation (“other service establishment”), Congress demonstrated that the definition is “plainly broad enough to encompass establishments that provide services in their clients’ homes, over the telephone, or through the internet” 
•	Courts regularly “apply old words to new technology”
•	Supreme Court has applied the 1st Amendment’s principles of freedom of speech to new mediums like the Internet
www.justice/gov/crt/briefs/hooks.htm

Slide 33 Recent Case Re Internet-Only Businesses
Nat’l Ass’n of the Deaf, et al,  v. Netflix, Inc. 
869 F. Supp. 2d 196 (D. Mass. 2012)
•	Plaintiffs asserted that Netflix’s “Watch Instantly” streamed content without providing closed captioning in violation of Title III of the ADA 
•	Netflix motion to dismiss: It is not a place of public accommodation 
•	DOJ filed a statement of interest, including a number of strong statements:
•	“Netflix is subject to [T]itle III of the ADA, even if it has no physical structure.” 
•	“[T]he fact that the regulatory process is not yet complete does not support any inference whatsoever that web-based services are not already covered by the ADA, or should not be covered by the ADA.”
•	The DOJ “has long interpreted [T]itle III to apply to web services, and DOJ’s ongoing regulatory developments concerning the accessibility of web content and services support that Netflix is a public accommodation subject to [T]itle III of the ADA.” www.ada.gov/briefs/netflix_SOI.pdf

Slide 34 Netflix Litigation and Consent Decree
Court denied Netflix’s motion to dismiss
•	Relied on 1st Circuit’s decision in Carparts, which held that “‘places of public accommodation’ are not limited to ‘actual physical structures’” 
•	Examples were not intended to be exhaustive, and that the ADA was intended to adapt to changes in technology 
•	Netflix “falls within at least one, if not more, of the enumerated ADA categories,” identifying “service establishment,” “place of exhibition or entertainment,” and “rental establishment” 
 
Parties settled after court’s decision 
•	Netflix agreed to provide captioning for 100% of its content by 2014
 
Press Release: http://dredf.org/captioning/netflix-press-release-10-10-12.pdf 
Consent Decree: http://dredf.org/captioning/netflix-consent-decree-10-10-12.pdf  

Slide 35 Cases Brought in the Ninth Circuit Against Internet-Only Businesses
•	Most cases against Internet-only business have been brought in the Ninth Circuit, bound by Weyer, which limits the definition of “places of public accommodation” to “actual physical spaces”
•	DOJ has not filed amicus briefs or statements of interest in any of these cases
 
Cullen v. Netflix, Inc.
880 F. Supp. 2d 1017 (N.D. Cal. 2012)
•	Court recognized the conflicting opinion about Netflix in Massachusetts
•	Held that it “must adhere to Ninth Circuit precedent” which defined “place of public accommodation” to be a physical place
•	Because the Netflix website was not “an actual physical place,” and because it had no nexus to one, the court dismissed the case 
Slide 36 More Ninth Circuit Cases
Cases in 9th Circuit find Internet-only businesses outside Title III 
•	Young v. Facebook, Inc., 790 F. Supp. 2d 1110 (N.D. Cal. 2011) 
•	Pro se litigant with bipolar disorder filed lawsuit against Facebook. 
•	Court: Because “Facebook operates only in cyberspace,” it is not a place of public accommodation as construed by the Ninth Circuit”
•	Ouellette v. Viacom, 2011 WL 1882780 (D. Mont. Mar. 31, 2011); rep. and rec. adopt.,  2011 WL 1883190 (D. Mont. May 17, 2011) 
•	Pro se litigant asserted that Google, YouTube, and Myspace removed his videos, and then failed to process the plaintiff’s notices challenging the removals because they had “minor errors” due to his reading disability 
•	Court: Sites were not covered by Title III b/c not physical places of public accommodation, and lacked a connection to a physical structure

Slide 37 More Ninth Circuit Cases
Earll v. eBay, Inc. 
2011 WL 3955485 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 7, 2011)
•	Plaintiff who is deaf could not register as a seller on ebay.com b/c of eBay’s automated, telephone verification process
•	Court: Denied plaintiff’s request to amend complaint, finding the “eBay website is not a place of public accommodation within the meaning of the ADA”
•	“Under controlling Ninth Circuit authority, ‘places of public accommodation’ under the ADA are limited to ‘actual physical spaces.’” 
Slide 38 What’s Next for Case Law re Internet-Only Businesses
•	Given the number of newly emerging web-only businesses, courts outside of the 1st and 9th Circuit will likely consider this legal question
•	Litigants may also appeal district court opinions to the appellate courts, possibly changing the established precedent on this issue
•	DOJ regulations will likely change the landscape: NPRM coming soon
•	ANPRM: www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-07-26/pdf/2010-18334.pdf 
•	Plain language of the ADA applies “to discrimination in offering the goods and services ‘of’ a place of public accommodation . . . rather than being limited to those goods and services provided ‘at’ or ‘in’ a place of public accommodation . . ..” 
•	Businesses with websites must make their websites accessible 
•	“[T]he ADA mandate for ‘full and equal enjoyment’ requires nondiscrimination by a place of public accommodation in the offering of all its goods and services, including those offered via Web sites.” 
Slide 39 Settlement Agreements: Websites of Brick & Mortar Establishments
DOJ settlement agreements and consent decrees
•	Some recent DOJ agreements focus exclusively on website accessibility, others include website access in a laundry list of other accessibility issues
    
H&R Block Consent decree 
•	Resolved lawsuit (filed by NFB/private plaintiffs, DOJ intervened) alleging that www.hrblock.com is inaccessible
•	Examples: PWD cannot benefit from H&R Blocks services offered online (prepare and file taxes online, download tax preparation software, find tax professionals, obtain information on the website’s blog, review an instructional video about getting a “Second Look” review, and have taxes prepared in real time via a “Block Live” function)
  
Motion of the United States of America to Intervene
•	www.ada.gov/hrb-motion-intervene.htm  

Slide 40 H&R Block Consent Decree
•	Covers H&R Block’s website, mobile apps, and online tax products 
•	By 1/1/2015: Website and Online Tax Preparation Product will be accessible pursuant to the Level A and AA Success Criteria in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), ver. 2.0
•	By 1/1/2016: All mobile apps will conform to the same standards 
•	H&R Block will adopt a web access policy, which includes: 
•	All new web pages, web applications, content published to existing websites, mobile applications, and electronic products meet the Level A and Level AA Success Criteria for WCAG 2.0
•	Notices soliciting feedback on how accessibility can be provided are publicized 
•	Web access policy is distributed on an annual basis
•	A web accessibility coordinator is designated
Slide 41 Web Accessibility Policy
•	Web Access Policy continued…  
•	Annual training is provided
•	Accessibility is assessed and reviewed annually
•	Automated tests to test for accessibility are regularly conducted
•	Enlisting people with various disabilities to test for accessibility is regularly done 
•	A web access consultant will annually evaluate accessibility and provide a report identifying barriers and providing recommendations
•	Query: Impact of H&R Block Consent Decree?
•	Tip for businesses: Review the H&R Block web access policy to inform their own policies on website access. www.ada.gov/hrb-cd.htm (Ex. A)

Slide 42 DOJ Settlement Agreements: Web Access As One Requirement
Agreement with the Newseum, Inc.
•	www.ada.gov/newseum/newseum-sa.htm 
•	Newseum agreed to ensure that the visual and audio contents of its website conform to WCAG 2.0, Level AA 
  
Agreement with the Cavaliers Operating Company (“Cavs”)
•	www.ada.gov/cavaliers.htm
•	Within 6 months from the date of the agreement, the Cavs will ensure that its website complies with WCAG 2.0, Level AA
•	Cavs agreed to develop a written policy to evaluate the site routinely, and remedy any accessibility problems
•	Agreed to advertise a contact email address to allow people with disabilities to inform the Cavs of any accessibility problems 
•	Excludes third-party content (like advertising)

Slide 43 Agreements Resulting from Structured Negotiations
Many agreements achieved with the American Council of the Blind (ACB), American Fed’n for the Blind, and Cali. Council of the Blind (CCB) through Structured Negotiations (attorneys Lainey Feingold and Linda Dardarian) 
  
CVS Agreement (2009)
•	CVS/pharmacy will use best efforts to ensure that all pages on www.cvs.com substantially comply with the WCAG guidelines (1.0 or 2.0) 
•	CVS hired consultant to audit website & issue final audit report to parties 
•	Excludes third party content, but requires CVS to make a good faith effort to locate and select contractors and vendors able to comply with the WCAG guidelines when issuing RFPs or enters into contracts re third-party content
  
•	Press Release: http://lflegal.com/2009/07/cvs-press
•	Settlement Agreement: http://lflegal.com/2009/07/cvs-agreement

Slide 44 Agreement with Rite Aid
Rite Aid (2008)
•	Similar agreement to CVS
•	Addresses the site’s use of CAPTCHAs
•	Rite Aid agreed to make best efforts to incorporate alternative security measures that are equally effective and usable by blind and visually-impaired users, without impairing security 
•	Parties approved CAPTCHA in use at the time of the settlement
•	If Rite Aid wishes to use a different CAPTCHA, it will provide an opportunity for testing by the organizations involved that represent individuals who are blind or have low vision
•	Note: Rite Aid and CVS agreements also cover POS devices
      
•	Press Release: http://lflegal.com/2008/05/rite-aid-press-release/
•	Settlement Agreement: http://lflegal.com/2008/04/rite-aid-web-agreement

Slide 45 Additional Settlements Through Structured Negotiations
Similar agreements reached with RadioShack, Safeway, and Staples
•	As the years go by, the specific accessibility code cited in the agreements has changed
•	Older agreements (RadioShack) – Lists WCAG 1.0 as appropriate standard 
•	More recent agreements (CVS and Rite Aid) – Permits entities to choose which of the two standards they wish to apply
•	Most recent agreements (Safeway) – Designates WCAG 2.0 as the appropriate standard for web accessibility
•	RadioShack: http://lflegal.com/2007/05/radio-shack-agreement
•	Safeway: http://lflegal.com/2013/12/safeway-web-press
•	Staples: http://lflegal.com/2009/04/staples-settlement-agreement

Slide 46 Settlement Agreements: Businesses Housed Exclusively Online
Agreement with Amazon.com (2007)
•	Agreement with NFB (represented by Disability Rights Advocates)
•	Settlement terms:
•	Amazon.com, as well as several affiliated websites, will be accessible to people who use assistive technology to read and navigate Internet websites
•	Creates an accessibility committee, to ensure that accessibility remains a priority as new Internet technology develops
•	Note: Agreement explicitly recognizes that new technologies are bound to develop, and the parties agree to cooperate with one another to identify and potentially implement solutions to accessibility barriers posed by new technology in the future
www.dralegal.org/impact/cases/amazoncom-structured-negotiations 

Slide 47 Agreements with State Attorneys General 
State attorneys general have also entered into settlement agreements with two Internet-only businesses
•	Priceline.com agreement (2004)
•	Will implement a range of accessibility standards required by WCAG in an agreement with the NY Attorney General’s Office
•	http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/spitzer-agreement-make-web-sites-accessible-blind-and-visually-impaired 
•	Monster.com agreement (2013)
•	Will provide job seekers who are blind with full and equal access to its products and services, including its mobile apps
•	Agreement with MA Attorney General’s Office and NFB
•	https://nfb.org/monstercom-first-industry-make-website-accessible-blind-users

Slide 48 Settlement Agreement with the Digital Arm of the MLB
•	Agreement with the ACB and two of its state affiliates
•	MLB operates www.mlb.com, and each MLB club site, such as www.cubs.com 
•	Settlement terms:
•	www.mlb.com and club sites will satisfy WCAG 2.0, Level AA 
•	MLB further agreed to ensure that content delivered through its Game Day Audio Player and related Media Center, as well as its radio and television streams, satisfy the same criteria
•	Parties executed an addendum in 2012 to address new technologies (apps)
•	Under the terms of the addendum, MLB agrees to use reasonable efforts to ensure that the content provided on its mobile application satisfies the Level A and AA Success Criteria set forth in WCAG 2.0
•	Settlement Agreement: http://lflegal.com/2010/02/mlb-agreement 
•	First Addendum : http://lflegal.com/2012/06/mlb-addendum 

Slide 49 Title II (State and Local Governments)
•	Under Title II, qualified individuals with disabilities shall not be excluded from “participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132 
•	Courts: Not much dispute about whether the websites of state and local governments are subject to the ADA
•	DOJ position: State/local government websites covered by Title II
•	2003 Technical Assistance Guide: Accessibility of State and Local Government Websites to People with Disabilities www.ada.gov/websites2.htm 
•	2010 ANPRM: “There is no doubt that the Web sites of state and local government entities are covered by [T]itle II of the ADA.” www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-07-26/pdf/2010-18334.pdf
Slide 50 Case Law: Website Accessibility for State/Local Government Websites
Martin v. Metro. Atlanta Rapid Transit Auth.
225 F. Supp. 2d 1362 (N.D. Ga. 2002)
•	Plaintiffs, individuals with mobility- and vision-related disabilities, alleged that MARTA violated the ADA in a number of ways, including access to information via the agency’s website
•	Court granted plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunction
•	Information available on MARTA’s website was not equally available to people with disabilities
•	Until MARTA’s website was made accessible, MARTA was “violating the ADA mandate of ‘making adequate communications capacity available, through accessible formats and technology, to enable users to obtain information and schedule service.’” 

Slide 51 Settlement Agreements: Title II
Orange County Clerk of Courts (2014)
•	DOJ complaint filed by an attorney, alleging the Clerk denied him full and equal access to electronic court documents
•	Clerk required litigants to submit documents in PDF format, to be fully searchable, and to be optical-character-recognition compliant
•	Attorney sought documents in searchable electronic format – provided only after months of delay 
•	DOJ concluded that the Clerk discriminated against the complainant by “excluding him from full and equal participation in, and denying him the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of, the Clerk of the Courts.” 

Slide 52 Settlement Agreement with Orange County Clerk of Courts 
Terms of Settlement Agreement
•	Web pages and web applications will comply with WCAG 2.0 AA, including all other websites owned, operated, branded or funded by the Clerk, including the Clerk’s electronic filing system
•	Establish a procedure for individuals with disabilities to request court documents in an accessible format, and designate a person responsible for electronic and website access
•	Provide training WCAG 2.0 AA to all employees and contractors with responsibilities related to website access
•	Settlement Agreement: www.ada.gov/occ.htm
•	Press Release: www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2014/July/14-crt-751.html
Slide 53 DOJ: Project Civic Access Agreements
DOJ has entered into a number of agreements with state and local governments through Project Civic Access (PCA)
City of Fort Morgan, Colorado
•	City will annually distribute DOJ’s TA document: Accessibility of State and Local Government Websites to People with Disabilities
•	Within 3 months, the City will:
•	Post online a policy that its web pages will be accessible and create a process for making its web pages accessible
•	Make all new and modified web pages and content accessible
•	Make existing web content accessible
•	Post a telephone number or e-mail address on its home page for visitors to request accessible information
•	At least annually, enlist people with disabilities to test pages
www.ada.gov/fort-morgan-pca/fort-morgan-pca-sa.htm 

Slide 54 Other Project Civic Access Agreements
Similar agreements with other PCA agreements
•	Differences re existing web content: Other PCA agreements require governments to agree to “[d]evelop and implement a plan” to make existing web content more accessible
•	Standards: PCA agreements usually do not specify standards, but refer to DOJ TA document, which references both 508 Standards and WCAG
Other Settlement Agreements that include website accessibility
•	Town of Poestenkill, New York: www.ada.gov/poestenkill-pca/poestenkill-sa.htm
•	City of West Columbia, SC: www.ada.gov/west-columbia-pca/west-columbia-pca-sa.htm

Slide 55 Other Settlement Agreements: Specific Industries
Colleges and Universities
•	DOJ and the Dep’t of Education have recently entered into settlement agreements with various colleges and universities to improve the accessibility of their websites
•	Many agreements also discuss accessible course materials
•	Example: Louisiana Tech University 
•	New/redesigned web pages, apps, web content must comply with WCAG 2.0
•	Existing web pages: Develop a plan to make pages accessible by a specific date, prioritizing pages with most important information or used most frequently
www.ada.gov/louisiana-tech.htm 

Slide 56 Settlement Agreements/Initiatives: Healthcare
WellPoint – large health benefits company
•	Recently announced an initiative to make its affiliated health plan websites, mobile applications, and print information accessible for all people by adopting WCAG 2.0 AA as its accessibility standard
•	http://ir.wellpoint.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=130104&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1899357
American Cancer Society
•	Resulted from Structured Negotiations with the ACB
•	Agreed to use best efforts to ensure that its website complies substantially with WCAG 2.0, AA 
•	Separate requirements to ensure that PDF documents housed on the website, and the use of CAPTCHAs, are accessible 
•	Excludes third-party content
•	http://lflegal.com/2011/02/acs-agreement 

Slide 57 Settlement Agreements: Financial Institutions
Charles Schwab Settlement Agreement (2012)
•	Agreed to use good faith efforts to ensure that its client website satisfies the Level A and AA Success Criteria in WCAG 2.0, and phases in these accessibility requirements
•	Third-party requirements
•	If third-party content is inaccessible, Charles Schwab will request that the third-party bring their content into compliance
•	If the third-party does not come to compliance, then Charles Schwab will use good faith efforts to find an alternate vendor 
•	Future RFPs for development or inclusion of third-party content will include compliance with Level A and AA Success Criteria in WCAG 2.0 as a requirement in all requests and proposals
http://lflegal.com/2012/05/schwab-agreement/

Slide 58 Other Settlement Agreements in the Financial Services Industry 
•	Note: Importance of providing accessible online banking and talking ATMs for people with disabilities 
•	Many cases and settlement agreements regarding accessible ATMs and online banking
Other Settlement Agreements
•	LaSalle Bank: http://lflegal.com/2005/05/la-salle-final-agreement/ 
•	Bank of America: http://lflegal.com/2013/03/bofa-security-settlement/ 
•	First Union: http://lflegal.com/2003/01/first-union-final-agreement/
•	Bank One: http://lflegal.com/2003/06/bank-one-final-agreement/ 
•	Fleet Bank: http://lflegal.com/2001/02/fleet-bank-initial-agreement/ 
•	Washington Mutual: http://lflegal.com/2002/01/washington-mutual-agreement/ 

Slide 59 Title I (Employment)
•	Title I of the ADA prohibits employers from discriminating against qualified individuals with a disability with regard to “job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions and privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a)
•	Possible cases:
•	If an employer required all job applicants to apply for employment via an application on an inaccessible website
•	Many employers are also using online tests, which can raise accessibility issues
•	Note: As more and more employers rely on electronic applications, the more likely we are to see cases arise under Title I challenging an employer’s use of an inaccessible website

Slide 60 Rehabilitation Act, As Amended
•	In 1998, Congress amended the Rehabilitation Act to require federal agencies to make their electronic and information technology access to people with disabilities. 
•	Section 508
•	Requires federal agencies to give employees with disabilities and members of the public access to information that is comparable to access provided by others. 
•	Charged with U.S. Access Board with establishing standards for electronic and information technology for federal agencies
•	Note: Given this clear mandate, there has not been significant litigation on the topic of website access under the Rehab Act
29 U.S.C. § 794d

Slide 61 Other Laws/Regulations Regarding Website Accessibility
Businesses and government entities must comply with other applicable laws ensuring access to electronic information
•	State laws: Many states have their own anti-discrimination laws, some of which include requirements for website accessibility
•	Industry-specific laws: Colleges/Universities
•	The Technology, Education, and Accessibility in College and Higher Education (“TEACH”) Act has been introduced
•	Goal: Strengthening the accessibility of education technologies for college students with disabilities
•	Would require the U.S. Access Board to develop guidelines for the accessibility of electronic instructional materials and information technologies at institutions of higher learning
Fact Sheet: www.warren.senate.gov/files/documents/TEACH%20Act%20fact%20sheet.pdf

Slide 62 New DOT Regulations 
Under Air Carrier Access Act
•	Airlines must make websites accessible
•	2 years to modify website pages with core travel information
•	3 years to modify all other web pages accessible
•	Specifies WCAG as the proper standard
•	Applies to U.S. and foreign airlines, so long as foreign airline has a website that markets air transport to U.S. consumers for travel within, to, and from the U.S. 
•	Ticket agents must disclose and offer web-based discount fares to customers unable to use their websites due to a disability
•	After the website is accessible, airlines must still offer equivalent services to passengers with disabilities unable to use websites
www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2011-0177-0111 

Slide 63 Technical Standards and Resources: WCAG 2.0
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, updated in Dec ‘08 (WCAG 2.0) 
•	Developed by Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and contain 12 guidelines for web access
•	WCAG 2.0: www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/ 
•	Technical Assistance
•	How to Meet WCAG 2.0: A Customizable Quick Reference to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 Requirements (Success Criteria) and Techniques: www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref/
•	WebAim’s WCAG 2.0 Checklist: http://webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist 
•	Understanding Conformance: www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/conformance.html 

Slide 64 Technical Standards and Resources: Section 508
Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards, commonly referred to as the Section 508 Standards
•	Derived from the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998, and published by the U.S. Access Board. 
•	Section 508 Standards: www.section508.gov/section-508-standards-guide 
•	Technical Assistance
•	Summary of Section 508 Standards: www.section508.gov/summary-section508-standards 
•	GSA 508 Tutorials, Guidance, Checklists: www.gsa.gov/portal/content/103565 
•	DOJ materials on Section 508: www.justice.gov/crt/508/508home.php 

Slide 65 Resources: How to Check Your Website
Resources to evaluate website accessibility
•	The World Wide Web Consortium compiled a list of various sites that assess website accessibility:
•	www.w3.org/WAI/ER/tools/complete 
•	Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool: 
•	http://wave.webaim.org/ 
•	Section 508 Technology Tools:
•	http://www.section508.gov/technology-tools 
The ADA National Network also provides technical assistance on certain website accessibility issues 
•	(800) 949-4ADA / www.adata.org

Slide 66 Conclusion
•	The Internet has changed the way that we live our lives
•	Due to virtual accessibility barriers, many people with disabilities cannot access goods and services of businesses and public entities
•	Hot legal topic: Whether Title III of the ADA applies to websites, especially to websites of Internet-only businesses
•	Websites of brick-and-mortar stores: Likely yes, due to nexus
•	Split in courts: Websites of online-only businesses
•	Many settlement agreements regarding both types of websites
•	All eagerly await the publication of the DOJ’s NPRM
•	Given the importance of websites to our society, and the real barriers that can prevent access for many people with disabilities, this is a legal issue that will continue to grow in importance!

Slide 67 Continuing Legal Education Credit for Illinois Attorneys
•	This session is eligible for 1.5 hours of continuing legal education credit for Illinois attorneys.
•	Illinois attorneys interested in obtaining continuing legal education credit should contact Barry Taylor at: barryt@equipforequality.org
•	Participants (non-attorneys) looking for continuing education credit should contact the Great Lakes ADA Center at: 312-413-1407 or www.adagreatlakes.com 

Slide 68 Session Evaluation
	
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Slide 69 Websites and the ADA: Accessibility in the Digital Age
Presented by: Barry Taylor, VP for Civil Rights and Systemic Litigation, Equip for Equality
Rachel Weisberg, Staff Attorney, Equip for Equality
September 22, 2014

Equip for Equality is providing this information under a subcontract with the Great Lakes ADA Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, U.S. Department of Education, National Institute on Disability of Rehabilitation and Research Award No.H133A110029.